Lifestyle in Balance - 1448 Words

Work Life Balance Brief Introduction: As life is getting developed the living style is getting high in several regions around the world which shape a more expensive life that leads male and female for more working hours or to have more than one job to get affluent life. The prior factor additionally the following factors, the workforce is getting older and technology has changed the way we work rapidly, Set off alarm bells of a significant problem which is the conflict between paid work, unpaid work and personal time hence the significance of this phenomenon requires a solution that is able to resolve this phenomenon properly which can be the balance between the work and the life. Work Life balance can be defined as the degree to which an individual is simultaneously able to balance the temporal, emotional and behavioral demands of both paid work and family responsibility. (Hill et al cited in Sarker, Xiao, Sarker Ahuja, 2012). Key Points: This study explores ideas and thoughts related to work life balance starting with job and socio-demographic factors related to work life balance, then it mentioned four common positions of men with work life balance and it proposed options of Work life balance, strategies of time management, additionally it explores the impacts of mobile Technology on Work Life Balance, Finally it describe how the work life balance is related to the interface of individual, group, and organization Factors Related to Work Life Balance: Work lifeShow MoreRelatedThe Intelligence Balance For Healthy Lifestyle772 Words   |  4 PagesWhile doing this emotional intelligence assessment, I realised it can be vary after certain period of time as situation changes with a respect of time. But I believe it great experience to check own emotional test to know the intelligence balance for healthy lifestyle. As I start researching on this topic in depth, I released for any individual or organisational success, own self-evaluation is must. As it shows our negative and positive phases of personality and rethink to overcome or improve your skillsRead MoreA Theory That Individuals Can Live With Better Health1280 Words   |  6 Pagesstress, more satisfaction, and have a balanced lifestyle through particular lifestyle configurations. Ultimately, the lifestyle balance is what can lead to a better quality of life with higher satisfaction and health because it contains compatibility of actual and desired occupation patterns based on a n individual’s environment. The model recognizes that people have different physical, social, and cultural needs and that they can vary over time. The balance is the result of the extent people engage inRead MoreChanges in a Life After Diagnosis of Diabetes837 Words   |  3 Pagessome changes we want to do and others we need to do for a better lifestyle. Same happened to my Dad when he needs to change his food habits and exercise habits after he was diagnostic with Diabetes Type 2.My dad has to change his old habits and he learns a new challenge lifestyle. This was difficult in the beginning, but after time he understood that he needs to change in pro to live better. Many people has to change his/her lifestyle when is diagnostic with a chronic disease without of cure such asRead MorePotential Research Study: Work Life Balance. There Is A1364 Words   |  6 PagesPotential Research Study: Work Life Balance There is a problem with health related issues in Black women involved in leadership roles. Despite the decline of Black women in professional roles, most encounter the task of attempting to balance work-life and home with a husband and kids. According to a poll conducted by the Washington Post and the Kaiser Family Foundation, forty percent of black women say they experience frequent stress, compared with 51 percent of white women; stress associated withRead MoreThe Average Fat Loss Rate Of Patients1458 Words   |  6 PagesEI: TEE energy balance ratios showed a 25% increase in positive energy balances (ratio 1) from pre to post-surgery. This shown in the table below. The table shows the percentages of valid patients with positive and negative energy balances at baseline and 6 months post-bariatric surgery. These were taken by dividing the number of patients with positive energy balances by the total number of valid patients. This was repeated for the number of patients with negati ve energy balances. This process wasRead MoreHow Do You Define Success?1090 Words   |  5 Pagessuccessful business and live a happy life? Striving to have both, commonly called â€Å"work-life balance,† is not new. Framed as a women’s issue for decades, today men and women are concerned about work-life balance and wonder how to have it all. I’ve come to realize that my business, which I call a â€Å"lifestyle† business, is a way to have it all. A lifestyle business is one where you fit your business around your lifestyle. I didn’t sit down and plan it that way, but looking back over the years, I am pleasedRead MoreHow Energy Balance Affects Weight Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesHow energy balance affects weight and if there is in fact a way, or ways, to â€Å"increase† metabolism? Our body is consisted to be in energy balance when energy intake equals energy expenditure and body weight and composition are maintained. When there is an energy imbalance, â€Å"the rate of change of energy stores equals rate of energy intake minus rate of energy expenditure† (Galgani Ravussin, 2008, p. 110). Weight gain occurs when our body is in positive energy balance, and weight loss occurs whenRead MoreHow Lifestyle Changes Have Disturbed The Homoeostasis Of Human Body1339 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay discusses as to how lifestyle changes have disturbed the homoeostasis of the human body to cause chronic diseases such as diabetes. It explains the way medical science is applied to manage the diabetes and what advancements have been made over the years. It also discusses the economic and social implications of diabetes. It concludes that while modern lifestyle has disturbed the homoeostasis of the human body, advancements in medical science has helped manage the ill nesses, while failingRead MoreOur Environment : Preserving A Precious Asset923 Words   |  4 Pages Our Environment: Preserving a Precious Asset Rachel Carson once said, â€Å"The balance of nature is not a status quo; it is fluid, evershifting,in a constant state of adjustment. Man, too, is part of this balance.† Undoubtedly, man and woman assume a crucial role in the balance of nature. More controversial among man and woman is determining exactly what that role entails. For the upward of 200 years, writers have published varying ideas about the responsibility that we, as the inhabitants of earthRead MoreCase Analysis: Work-Like Balance in Baxter1134 Words   |  5 Pages                CASE   ANALYSIS    Work/Life   Balance   at   Baxter          Case   Application   1- ­Ã¢â‚¬ A:   Work/Life   Balance   at   Baxter    Pamantasan   ng   Lungsod   ng   Maynila/MBA- ­Ã¢â‚¬ TEP    Page   2   of   5       I.    INTRODUCTORY   STATEMENT    Much   has   been   said   about   diversity   and   Ã¢â‚¬Ëœwork- ­Ã¢â‚¬ life   balance’   in   general.      With    Baxter,   a   leading

Political Essay Topics - the Story

Political Essay Topics - the Story These topics are supposed to help students identify some helpful sources. When you begin college, you will analyze many unique locations. Therefore, students who study industry and other associated subjects may be interested in writing on a number of the subsequent topics. General information Students that are new to the topic of social studies need to be ready for in-depth education at their initial lessons. Political essays are crucial for the writing of research papers because they are in a position to extend the student with a transparent insight of the area of political science. Sociology is, undoubtedly, a fascinating subject, particularly if you're fortunate enough to find a progressive-thinking professor. Political science is just one of the broadest subjects as it comprises many theories, ideas, and concepts. Persuasive writing might be thought of as a number of the issue, particularly for novices. There may be two or three factors why you'd want to understand the best way to maximize your writing ability. There are specific essay topics that were written on so many times like abortion and legalizing of marijuana that they've become worn out. If you're looking for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service offered by fully qualified academics in your area of study. Actually, by reading and researching more on the subject of the subject, it' s possible to come across excellent topics which you might not have known about otherwise. Sure, you may have a particular topic assigned to you. Pick a topic that you're passionate about. Current debate topics are a few of the absolute most important to understand about. The One Thing to Do for Political Essay Topics Persuasive essays share a whole lot of resemblance with argumentative essays. You can begin by picking on of my topics and initiate your studying to limit your precise topic and thesis of your essay. Deciding upon a topic for an essay is a critical part of any sort of essay. The previous part of your school essay is just a decision. Our lessons will emphasize the perfect way to compose a great high excellent essay fast. When you get a task to compose an essay on a social issue, you're given a chance to open an exciting discourse. Let's say you feel that Mexican-American relations need to be improved. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. When you compose a social issue essay, it is very important to clearly show your private view of the issue. The ideal portion about creating an educational essay might be the big variety of topics you can select from. At precisely the same time, it's a terrific persuasive essay idea. The exact first portion of planning to compose an essay is definitely to examine every one of the material you must learn about the discipline. The sort of essay you're looking for will be offered to you within the deadline offered to you. How to Get Started with Political Essay Topics? To totally understand the political process an individual should have lots and tons of understanding of the way our society operates. In fact, so as to protect a single man from producing a wrong choice, government limits the liberty of a hundred who aren't likely to do anything stupid. While you have little time and the sum of pages, it's crucial not to bite more than you can chew. When you are requested to take a political science class, you probably feel it is a waste of time and it isn't something which you will use in the actual world. The Fundamentals of Political Essay Topics Revealed The essay has to be written in an objective and analytical fashion, with appropriate use of example and evidence to substantiate the statements. Learning materials As people study, the correct variety of articles dramatically boosts the practice. A topic is fantastic only as long as you've got enough materials that you are able to utilize to produce an interesting and fact-rich paper. Actually, there's very little understanding of the reference relating to several references in the works of political science works. The Truth About Political Essay Topics Hence, it really is critical the writer you pick may create the sort of content that you undoubtedly require. It can be hugely rewarding if it's something applicable to the present political scene. Read tips about the way you can enhance your writing style and exactly how to ensure it's interesting.

Introduction to Business Law and Ethics

Question: Discuss about theIntroduction to Business Law and Ethics. Answer: Whether it was a term of the contract for the almond flour to be gluten free Generally, what the parties agree pursuant to the contract are terms of the contract.[1] Terms of a contract could either be express or implied English.[2] Express terms are those written down by the parties while implies terms are unwritten and are construed by the court in accordance to the contract. The discussion herein is focused on the implied terms of a contract which is relevant in this instance. Terms of a contract can be implied in three different ways, this includes implication based on custom, law and facts.[3] An implication by custom means the parties to the contract are used to the practice they are engaged in and its notoriety.[4] The custom should be certain and well known to the parties and it ought to have been intended to form part of terms of the contract.[5] Moreover, an implied term must be reasonable and not contradicting an express term as stated by the court in the aforementioned case. Reasonable in this instance means the terms should coherently be in line with the terms of the contract. On the other hand, an implication by law is generally entailed in the statutes of respective states. Implied terms are meant to give efficacy to the whole contract. This principle was used by the court in the case of Williams v Gibbons.[6] For implication based on the facts, the court construes the terms in accordance to the intention of the parties.[7] The terms contained in the contract must be reasonable, giving contract efficacy, the term ought to be obvious and clear and not in contradiction with an express term. In light of the above discussion, based on the facts presented, it was an implied term in the contract for the almond flour to be gluten free. There is an implication by custom here that the almond flour which is usually supplied is gluten free as evident from their telephone conversation. Secondly, the almond flour being almond free is the substratum of the contract and the efficacy of the contract would be lost if another construction is arrived at. Lastly, in light to implication by facts, there is no express term in the contract that contradicts the implied term herein. The implied term is also reasonable and it is obvious to both parties that the almond flour ought to have been gluten free. Whether it is an implied term in Dan and Jacobs contract with Mikaela for the wedding cake to be gluten-free An implied term is construed from the usage or practices between the two contracting parties.[8] The term in question ought to be notorious, certain and intended to have formed part of the contract. Where parties to the contract might have forgotten to include some basic terms of a contract, the court would construe such contracts in light of the missing terms as was in the case of Byrne v Australian Airlines Ltd. Therefore in such a scenario, the absence of a term would not justify a parties attempt to escape from liability unless there is a contrary express term to that effect. Implication of terms of the contract by law seeks to generally guide the parties to the contract in receipt of the overall desired result. In this instance even if some terms are not included in the contract the courts would still deem such terms to be impliedly there. Additionally, the courts will look into the facts or terms agreed upon by the parties. The intention of the parties would be construed by the court as read from the contract.[9] The description of the types of goods has been discussed by the court in the case of Wallis v Pratt.[10] The court in this case stated that it has to establish first the words that were used in the contract. This is because the court would by all means try to implement what the parties agreed or intended to agree. What was therefore no reflected therein or not within the knowledge of the contracting parties would most probably not be implemented since they do not form part of the implied terms. Finally, implied terms seek to give effect to the efficacy of the contract. This is because most probably there is a key term missing that would most probably render the contract unsatisfactory to both parties. Implied terms would in this instance come in to fill the gaps and give effect to the intention of the parties to their satisfaction. The facts above do not reveal a continuous and notorious engagement between the two parties. Therefore there is no implication of terms of contract by custom. Furthermore, the agreement between the two parties does not contain express or implied terms that specifically instruct Mikaela to bake cakes that are gluten free. In fact, the two parties did not talk about the quality or ingredients of the cakes. In conclusion to the above subject matter, it is fair to state that the terms in Dan and Jacobs contract with Mikaela for the wedding cake to be gluten-free is not implied. Whether the icing colour is a condition or a warranty of the contract A condition is a term key to the formation or performance of a contract while warranty is a term subsidiary to the contract. [11] Perhaps what distinguishes the two terms is that a breach of a condition vitiates the whole contract while a breach of a warranty does not, but only gives a party a right to sue for damages.[12] The court has stated that the test of a condition or a term is dependent on the essentiality placed by the parties.[13] Therefore, where a term in the contract is precedent or key to the performance of the contract then that is a condition and not a warranty. This therefore means that the choice of a term being a condition or a warranty lies on the parties to the contract. In the case of Bettini vs. Gye, the court held that failure to attend for rehearsals before the concert started was less detrimental and was a breach of a warranty. In the above case the parties intimated on the type of the cake to be baked. This was the key to the contract formation. As stated here above in the case of Tramways Advertising Pty Ltd v Luna Park (N.S.W) Ltd, the court would usually look at the emphasizes placed on the terms. The parties in this case actually discussed on the specific type of the cake that was to be baked. The consequence of the breach here above is detrimental to Kimiko following the intended occasion that the cake was to serve. Kimiko can argue that the efficacy of the contract has been lost following the above contravention by Mikaela. However, chances of the term being a condition cannot be eliminated since Kimiko did not intimate on the purpose of the icing colour on the cake. Mikaela could argue that the cake has been baked accordingly despite the minor variance in terms of the icing colour. Whether Mikaela is responsible for the wrong icing colour on Kimikos cake A contravention of a condition would repudiate the whole contract[14] unlike in cases of warranties which would only entitle an individual damages[15] and not repudiation of the contract. The court in the case of Poussard v Spiersheld that failure to perform in a concert due to illness was a breach of condition and it entitled the producer to repudiate the contract. On the other hand the court in the case of Bettini v Gyeheld that missing 6 days of the rehearsal was breach of the a warranty. The contract could consequently be repudiated, damages given or specific performance be ordered. Specific performance entails doing specifically what the contract states[16]. The extent of responsibility of Mikaela is dependent on the finding of the court. If the court finds out that the breach is a condition then Kimiko would be entitled to repudiate the contract and be paid back all the money that he paid as highlighted in the case of Poussard v Spiershere above. Generally it is upon Kimiko to either choose to treat the icing colour as a warranty or a condition under the contract as was observed by the Supreme Court in the case of Masiye v Phiri.[17] As observed by the court herein, a party who alleges contravention would be bound to treat the contract as still valid. Kimiko in this matter would therefore be bound to the contract since he would have waived his right of repudiating the contract. Furthermore, if the court finds that the contravention is a warranty then Kimiko would be entitled to compensation or damages. This means the contract would be held not to be void despite the contravention by Mikaela. Finally depending on the facts given by Kimik o, Mikaela can be compelled by the court for specific performance in relation to the icing colour of the cake. If the court deems the circumstance herein to require specific performance, it would decide so accordingly. Bibliography Cases Bettini v Gye(1876) QBD 183. Byrne v Australian Airlines Ltd (1995) CLR 440. Majeau Carrying Co Pty Ltd v. Coastal Rutile Ltd (1973) C.L.R. 48 Masiye v Phiri (2008) Z.R. 56. Poussard v Spiers(1876) 1 QBD 410. Tramways Advertising Pty Ltd v Luna Park (N.S.W) Ltd (1938) (SR) (NSW) 632. Wallis v PrattCA [1910] 2 KB 1003 Williams v Gibbons [1994] 1 NZLR 273. Other Sources Austen-Baker, Richard, Implied terms in English contract law (Edward Elgar Publishing) 2011. BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v. Shire of Hastings (1977) C.L.R. 266. Carolyn Heaton, Partner, Morrison Kent, The Significance Of Implied Contractual Terms https://www.morrisonkent.co.nz/uploads/PDF%20Articles/THE%20SIGNIFICANCE%20OF%20IMPLIED%20CONTRACTUAL%20TERMS.pdf [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017]. E-lawresources.co.uk. (2017).Terms of a contract. [online] Available at: https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Contents-of-a-contract.php [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017]. Emily M. Weitzenbck, (2012). English Law of Contract: Terms of contract,. https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/jus/JUS5260/v12/undervisningsmateriale/Terms.pdf [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017]. Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.jacmac.com.au/uploaded/News/publications/201204_Condition_vs_Warranty_in_a_Contract.pdf [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017]. Patrick S. Ottinger, Principles of Contractual Interpretation (2000) 60 Louisiana Law Review 772. Henrik Lando Caspar Rose, On the Enforcement of Specific Performance in Civil Law Countries (2003-14). E-lawresources.co.uk. (2017).Terms of a contract. [online] Available at: https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Contents-of-a-contract.php [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017]. Emily M. Weitzenbck, English Law of Contract: Terms of contract, 2012. https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/jus/JUS5260/v12/undervisningsmateriale/Terms.pdf [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017]. Introduction to Business Law and Ethics Question: Discuss about the Introduction to Business Law and Ethics. Answer: The Enforceability of Contractual Promises Introduction The law of contract oversees the management of promises that people engage each other into that when if not fulfilled; it would amount to one of the parties suffering the misconduct of the other. However, not all promises that are enforceable in law. So with that, the law of contract revolves around the elements of a contract to decided whether a contract is enforceable or not. As an illustration, this paper will look at three study cases where there were promises, and then analyze them using the elements of a contract to decide whether there was a contract or not. Chan and David The main issue here is a question whether silence is a valid acceptance of an offer. In (Mettling, Cusic and Stanfill, 2016), some of the rules of acceptance are one; a clear communication from the offeree to the offeror that it has accepted the offer. And Secondly, and the offer should be either oral or in writing. It's only under very rare situation when silence can accept an offer (Hunter, 2016). There exist some principles and procedures that govern the methods by which an acceptance should occur. For one, In (Goldman and Sigismond, 2013), the offeror can set his/her procedures for acceptance. The best illustration that outlines the seriousness following the offeror's strategy is in (Yates Building Co Ltd v R J Pulleyn Sons (York) Ltd [1975]). In this case, the offeror had stipulated that the acceptance should take a form of notice in writing, and it should be registered or through a recorded delivery. The court strengthened these terms when the plaintiff was sued following a rejection of his acceptance sent through ordinary posts. Besides, acceptance takes any other form where the offeror has not specified the form of acceptance. In support of that, the law of contract summarizes the methods of acceptance into two, and these are written acceptance and oral acceptance. Acceptance by silence was first dismissed in (Felthouse v Bindley [1862]). The claimant had been contracting to purchase his nephews horse. Felthouse wanted to buy the horse at 30 15s. Therefore, he wrote to Bindley telling him that he would consider the horse his if he doesnt hear from him. The nephew didnt reply, and later the nephews auctioneer sold the horse to another buyer by mistake. Due to that, Felthouse brought a case against Bindley but the court favored the nephew stating that an offer needed an actual acceptance, and the silence was not a valid substantial. This case set the principle of acceptance by stating that the failure of the offerees to communicate cannot establish a substantial acceptance. This principle has been very useful in governing the transactions of goods and services. In particular, it has been applied in the cases of inertia selling.' A trader cannot enforce a contract where he sends unsolicited goods to a buyer's home, designating that if the purchaser doesn't communicate, the trader will assume that he accepted the goods together with the indicated price. Other than the two modes of acceptance, the law also reserves another method whereby the conduct of one party can demonstrate acceptance. In the case of (Brogden v. Metropolitan Railway Co [1877]), the court concluded that there was a contract amounting from the conducts of Brogden. By amending the agreements, Brogden accepted the offer from the company. And on the side of the company, they counted the contract as complete when they received the first order of coal, or after the latest coal supply. Being the main issue in this case, the contract between Chan and David didnt amount to one enforceable by law. The main reason is that David failed to communicate the acceptance in writing or orally, and he also failed to demonstrate the offer through his conduct. Tina Turnaround Co (TT) and Cammy Pty Ltd The legal issue here is the revocation of an offer through a counter-offer. A counter-offer can be an attempt by the offeree to accept to some of the terms or can be a direct counter-offer where the offeree replies by quoting new terms. According to (Helewitz, 2010), a counter-offer is simply the same offer from the offeree but with some changed terms. When an offeree counters the offer with new terms, that offeree becomes the offeror, and the original offeror can choose whether to accept the offer or reject it. Consequently, when the previous offeror rejects the new offer, even the original offer is no longer available for acceptance as held in (Hyde v Wrench [1840]). The defendant was offering to sell his farm for 1,000 to the plaintiff. In his reply, the plaintiff offered to purchase it for 950. The defendant declined to take the 950. Later on, the plaintiff sought to accept, but the defendant declined. In the court, the ruling stated that the plaintiff revoked the offer with a counter-offer canceling the entire contract. Sometimes a counter-offer can be accepted by the first offeror as in the case of (Butler Machine Tool Co v Ex-cell-O Corp (England) [1979]). In this case, the plaintiff was offering to sell tools to the respondent. The quotation covered the details of the standard contractual terms. In reply, the defendant sent back the offer with their standard terms. The plaintiff accepted by returning a tear-off slip from the order form. The defendant refused to pay according to the terms of the plaintiff and then the plaintiff sued the defendant. The judge held that the defendant's order was counter-offer, and the plaintiff accepted it. Similar to the cases illustrated above, when Cammy Pty Ltd accepted some terms of the TT Co offer but changed the other terms canceling the entire contract. The contract would have only been successful if TT Co approved the new offer. Additionally, Cammy cannot rely on the silence of TT as the acceptance. The law takes silence as acceptance under rare situations as explained in (Hunter, 2016). So with the fact that Cammy refused some terms and replied with its terms, and the absent of some indication from TT that it accepted the new offer, there was no contract. Lee and Hurry In the formation sale of land contracts, the seller's duty is to transfer ownership to the purchaser and then the complete the payments the agreed date. In most the times, the contract includes a provision where time is of the essence like the clause in this case of Lee and Hurry. Under such circumstances, the specified date becomes a material term of a contract as stated in (Beatty and Samuelson, 2015). Each party will be bound to perform its duty within the specified time. Any omission will definitely constitute a breach which would entitle the innocent party to rescind the contract at once. In other words, since Lee failed to clear the payments following a time stipulation, Hurry had to repudiate the contract putting it to an end. After that, any effort for Lee to seek specific performance will be unsuccessful. The famous illustration of this is the judgment in (Tanwar Enterprises Pty Limited v Cauchi [2003]). In that case, the respondents duly rescinded the contract for a sale of land after the purchaser failed to pay on the set date, but he obtained the funds the following day. The Court denied the plaintiff the right to specific performance. Accordingly, Lee may argue that he gave a notice for late payments or he deserved a notice of repudiation from Hurry. The fact is that a notice is not necessary in the cases of repudiation. In (Galafassi v Kelly [2014]), the court held that "service of a notice to complete was not a prerequisite to a right to terminate." The main reason behind not sending a notice is that after purchaser's failure, the innocent party is no longer bound by any of the terms of the contract. With this explanation, Hurry was not bound by the contract, and hence there was no need to send a notice to complete. In short, Lee should accept that he can no benefit from that contract. Conclusion When parties form a contract, they simply accept the liabilities from each other. The process of contract formation begins with one party making an offer, and the other one accepting. The acceptance must be unconditional, and any condition or term in the acceptance will amount to a counter-offer. Furthermore, the offeree must clearly communicate the acceptance to the offeror. In sale of land contracts, a default of payments from a purchaser constitutes a breach. And as a result, the innocent party can terminate the contract without the need to notify the bleaching party. References Mettling, S., Cusic, D. and Stanfill, J. (2016). Principles of real estate practice in Georgia. 1st ed. Performance Programs Company, p.128. Goldman, A. and Sigismond, W. (2013). Business law. 9th ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, p.148. Helewitz, J. (2010). Basic contract law for paralegals. 6th ed. Austin [Tex.]: Wolters Kluwer Law Business, p.84. Hunter, R. (2016). Contracts for engineers. 6th ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, p.8. Beatty, J. and Samuelson, S. (2015). Business law and the legal environment. 7th ed. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning, p.443. Cases Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Co [1877] 2 AC 666 Felthouse v Bindley [1862] EWHC CP J35 Galafassi v Kelly [2014] NSWCA 190 Hyde v Wrench[1840] EWHC Ch J90 Machine Tool Co v Ex-cell-O Corp (England) [1979] 1 All ER 965 (UK). Tanwar Enterprises Pty Limited v Cauchi [2003] HCA 57 Yates Building Co.Ltd v RJ Pulleyn Son(York)Ltd[1975] 237 EG 183

The Effect of Leadership in Project Management

Introduction All organisations design and implement projects of varying magnitudes. The need to execute projects within fixed timelines with limited resources has seen many organisations demand people who are experienced in the field of project management to take over the leadership of projects within the organisations.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on The Effect of Leadership in Project Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has made project management evolve over the last five decades as an independent body of knowledge as opposed to being an additional skill required for organisational professionals. The growing emphasis of the importance of cute management of people in the effort to yield organisational success has also made organisations resort to developing their management approaches from the contexts of organisational leadership as opposed to organisational administration. The role of lead ership in enhancing organisational performance is highly studied in organisations, thus leading to the emergence of a large scholarly body of knowledge that discusses the effectiveness of various leadership styles. The aim of this paper is to draw knowledge from both disciplines of project management and leadership separately and then merge them to prescribe the roles of leadership within the field of project management. Leaders who operate as project managers deploy leadership characteristics, which are similar to leaders within functional and operational organisations. However, projects are constrained in terms of time and resources. This means that leaders in project-based organisations condense their leadership roles to assume temporary functions in the effort to guarantee the achievement of results for a project team. Some project management scholars emphasise that projects needs to be managed by managers rather than leaders. However, this paper argues that enhancing the succes s of projects using people working in a teamwork environment requires the people in charge of projects leadership to have various skills that enhance motivation, commitment to various project tasks, and/or foster knowledge sharing between work groups. Leadership is important in project management. In the effort to justify this hypothetical proposition, the paper attempts to provide a clear understanding of the concept of leadership in project management by proposing the most important leadership skills that project managers should have.Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also demonstrates how to use leadership skills to deal with problems in a real project management practice. Finally, it offers suggestions on how to gain leadership skills. Leadership in Project Management Leadership is important in all areas involving the use of people to achieve certain results by f ollowing particular processes. According to Kedharnath (2011), leadership is important in every aspect of life including politics, business environments, religion, and social networks among other scenarios (p.8). A leader is a person who plans, controls, direct, and/or guides other people towards attaining a common mutual objective and goals. Leadership occurs through interaction of three main contexts. These are leaders, followers, and situations, which prompt the deployment of leadership skills (Atchison 2003, p.45; Higgs 2003 p.273). In the context of project management, the project itself provides the situation, which brings together leaders and followers for the achievement of a common mutual goal, which is the completion of the project within the stipulated timeframes and within the provided limited monetary resources. The goal of the leader in such a setting is to facilitate the realisation of the project’s concerns by enhancing integration of various project facets to ensure that tasks do not derail from the preset project execution plan. Scholarly findings on how various components of projects need to be controlled and planned provide evidence of the role of leadership in project management as the arm that plans and controls the project. For instance, clear plans and means of controlling projects are required during scope management (Kjorstad 2010, p.19). Scope management encompasses all processes and procedures that are required in ensuring that a project takes into incorporation the required set of tasks to complete it successfully and within the stipulated time constraints. It constitutes scope initiation, scope planning, scope definition, scope verification, and change control of the scope (Tolbert 2008).Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on The Effect of Leadership in Project Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, scope planning helps in guiding the proce ss of allocating time and monetary values to the project. Scope definition refers to the subdivision of all major deliverables of the project into small manageable deliverables. All these aspects require the contribution of leadership. Leaders analyse the skill bases of the work team members. They also design and allocate various job fragments based on the skills identified to ensure that people are engaged in the tasks with which they are acquitted (Mumford, Campion Morgeson 2007 p.157). This helps in the minimisation of time wastage in learning new skills and procedures of work. Consequently, attaining the concerns of a project as enumerated in the project scope definition calls for consideration of people’s skills and abilities. Leaders have the capacity to provide this information. The link between leadership and project management is evident by consideration of the manner in which projects are executed in contemplation of various leadership schools of thought. Leadershi p is one of the most studied disciplines within an organisation (Pearce Conger 2003, p.8). Daft (2005) supports the importance of leadership in an organisation by claiming, â€Å"There have been several attempts to provide a description and analysis of the essential facets defining effective leadership† (p.56). Although themes of leadership are ingrained in the works of Plato and Confucius, scholarship in the discipline of leadership in the 20th century began with the introduction of the trait theory school of thought. Mumford, Campion, and Morgeson note that theoretical constructs in leadership studies initiated by researching certain inheritable attributes so that it becomes possible to differentiate people who can lead and those who cannot lead (2007, p.159). This marked the initiation of the trait theory in leadership approaches deployed by organisations. Trait leadership claims that certain personality that defines different people is indicative of one’s leadersh ip abilities. This implies that not all people can effectively lead projects to attain their goals, objectives, and aims in the discipline of project management.Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the process of evolution of the trait leadership theory, various skills and personality characteristics together with certain demographic characteristics that may describe and/or predict one’s capability to lead have been defined and developed (Mumford, Campion and Morgeson 2007, p.157). Such characteristics include extraversion and self-confidence. Trait theory raises the question of the possibility of determination of particular leadership traits, which can help to resolve common challenges, which are encountered in the field of project management. According to Benator and Thumann, project management encounters the challenges of inadequate resources, poor teamwork commitment, insufficient planning, breakdown in communication, and the need to respond to the changing goals and resources in the process of project execution (2006, p.13). The cognition of these problems has made project managers resort to seeking various mechanisms of providing a response to these challenges besides seeking mechanisms of obtaining skills and knowledge that are required to address them. Struggles with this scholarly question lead to the establishment of the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), which identifies nine major knowledge areas of concern in project management (Duncan 1996, p.23; Haughey 2012, p.5). They are â€Å"procurement management, scope management, cost management, risk management, integration management, time management, and communication management† (IEEE 2008, p.11). Applying traits leadership theory or any other theory of leadership in project management requires the definition of the appropriate traits that can enhance leaders’ capacity to address these nine knowledge areas proactively and effectively. The traits leadership theory may be deployed in project management to identify a set of characteristics, which may enhance the performance of project management roles. Ng, Ang, and Chan (2008) identify these traits as â€Å"prob lems solving skills, self-confidence, energy and initiative, perspective, communication, results orientations and negotiating abilities† (p.735). These are intrinsic personality traits, which respond to the main challenges encountered in the project management. Possession of the traits identified by Ng, Ang and Chan (2008) are also consistent with the main concerns of project management enumerated by the PMBOK. However, there emerge problems in the application of the leadership trait theory to describe the contribution of leadership in projects management. The theory suggests that leaders are born and not made in any way. Opposed to the above assertion, studies done by Kouzes (2007), Tayler (2006), and Lewis (2007) provide evidence that better capacity to lead a project can be enhanced by experience and sharing of knowledge developed through involvement in active roles in managing different projects in the past. This opposes the arguments developed by trait leadership theory t hat leaders are born, but not created. According to Ng, Ang, and Chan (2008), trait leadership theory suffers from reliability and validity challenges since not all people possessing qualities of effective leadership identified by the theory make great leaders. This criticism poses an interrogative on the evidence of the capacity of the trait leadership theory to provide a reliable explanation of leadership roles in project management. In fact, according to Ng, Ang, and Chan (2008), many people who possess personality traits described by trait leadership theories as constituting essential requirements for effective leaders do not necessarily depict the essential traits of great leaders. The challenges of the use of the trait leadership school of thought to explain organisational leadership led to the emergence of other leadership schools of thought such as situational and contingency leadership theories. Contingency leadership theories focus on particular factors defining an environ ment, which help in the determination of an effective leadership style. According to Peretomode (2012), examples of contingency theories of leadership include the theory of effective leadership advanced by Fielder, strategic contingency theory, and cognitive resource theory (p.106). For example, with regard to Fielder’s contingency theory, leadership style, which yields outstanding results in one environment, does not necessarily work in another. The theory considers various facets, which determine the capacity of a leader to take control of a given situation. Such facets encompass task control, the ability to enhance teamwork relations, and the capacity to possess positioning powers. Furthermore, according to the contingency theory, leaders can be classified based on whether they are task or relationship-oriented. Task-oriented leaders perform better in work environments that are characterised by well-structured surroundings and good relationships between members and leaders . The leader also works and realises results in settings where he or she has a strong or even weak power of positioning decisions (Peretomode 2012, p.51). A project has the problem of poor motivation of team members (Tayler 2006, p.14). Contingency leadership theory can help in influencing motivational skills of a leader by providing explanations on how leaders can analyse various situations, which result in low motivation and commitment. This can help a project manager to turn around the problems that constantly recur in the field of project management. Opposed to the contingency leadership theory, situational leadership theories argue that leaders determine the most appropriate mechanisms of conducting leadership roles subject to the variables comprising the current situation within an organisation. This means that situational leaders in project management can help in the resolution of the challenges of occurrence of any incidences of changing goals and processes in the due proces s of project execution. The contribution of situational leadership theory in explaining the roles of leadership in project management is also evident by appreciating that particular scenarios requiring making of decisions call for different forms of leadership styles (Dye 2010, p.109). For instance, when leaders possess a high experience and knowledge on the most effective ways of driving organisational success, authoritarian leadership style is the most preferred (Higgs 2003, p.275). Conversely, where employees or subjects possess high skill levels on their areas of specialisations, deployment of the democratic form of leadership is the most appropriate in the effort to drive the success of projects. Another theoretical paradigm for explaining leadership is the charismatic school of thought. According to Lussier and Achua, this school of thought â€Å"inherited situational leadership theory and distilled it into either transactional or transformational leadership styles† (20 04, p.91). The distinction between transformational and transactional leadership is based on the central concerns of each styles. These concerns are on operational leadership, the processes of situational leadership changes, and the relationship existing among leadership styles (Schaubroeck, Lam Cha 2007, p.1022). Projects mainly focus on bringing about changes. Hence, the focus of the charismatic school of thought in relation to project management dwells on transformational leadership. Goleman (1995) introduced the concept of emotional intelligence as developed by Goleman (1998). Schaubroeck, Lam, and Cha (2007) discuss the concept of emotional intelligence as a success factor for effective leadership in an organisation. These schools of thought describe four main theoretical constructs that constitute an emotional intelligent leader. These are â€Å"self awareness, self management, social awareness and relationship management† (Schaubroeck, Lam Cha 2007, p.1025). Research ers such as Kerr et al. (2006), Leban and Zulauf (2004), and Lowe and Kroeck (1996) found a positive correlation between these four traits and leaders’ emotional intelligence and with the success of organisation that the studied leaders were in charge of leading. The emotional intelligence school of thought suggests that various leaders who want to resolve various problems emerging in an organisation can learn, observe, and/or develop emotional intelligence skills (Cote et al. 2010, p.497; Dulewicz 2003, p.194). The competency school of thought developed through the competency model of leadership binds various theories of leadership. This way, the competency model provides a detailed and holistic approach of studying organisational leadership. Hoffman et al. (B 2011) state, â€Å"The competency school reflects the traits, behaviours, visionary, situational, and emotional intelligence facets of the other schools to present a robust description of a leader† (p.354). Proj ects are complex in nature. For instance, various components of project management approaches entail managing different project elements. For example, project procurement constitutes an integral part of the process of project management in which various services or products are bought through a myriad of external sources outside the employees’ base. These products and services are used to complete the stipulated tasks making up the project (Duncan 1996). Under the stipulations of PMBOK, project planning management also entails â€Å"a variety of tasks including the planning process where it is decided on what to acquire and how it will be done† (Duncan1996). In this complex process, different leadership skills and styles are required. Leadership Skills Possessed by Project Managers General managerial literature and leadership practices provide an important starting point of evaluating important leadership skills that are required by project managers. Positive relations hip between leadership and organisational success is well documented. While developing this relationship, Turner and Muller (2006) provide details of effects of project management in enhancing the success of projects (pp.23-39). Based on the literature review conducted by Turner and Muller (2005), leadership qualities possessed by project managers have a direct implication on the success of a project in achieving its goals and objectives (p. 221). Direct implications include enhancement of motivation and development of positive perceptions of the success of the project (Smith 2009, p.75). Indirect impacts of leadership skills possessed by project managers include leading of project work teams with the chief focus being on gaining success. In particular, Turner and Muller (2005) point out, â€Å"the project managers’ personal characteristics including leadership style and emotional intelligence make a contribution to project success† (p.49). Positive correlation between project leadership and the success of projects receives additional support from many other researchers. For instance, Pinto and Trailer (2005) reckon, â€Å"projects often fall short of achieving their anticipated results, not due to the lack of project management, but rather from the lack of project leadership† (p.15). However, despite this support of the contribution of leadership in enhancing projects’ success, Turner and Muller (2006), and Pinto and Trailer (2005) do not identify various leadership skills that are the most important to form project management knowledge repositories. Different projects have different needs. Leadership skills that are considered the most important for project managers vary from industry to industry. Mike (2005) identifies transactional and transformational leadership behaviours as the most important behaviours for project managers in the IT industry projects (p.37). Bass (1995) insists that one leader can display such qualities simu ltaneously. For effective project management, project leaders have to deploy appropriate mix of the two leadership skills to meet the projects’ needs depending on various situations. Conger (1999) confirms the importance of transactional and transformational leadership skills for project managers claiming, â€Å"Transformational leadership augments followers’ effort and performance over and beyond the performance produced by transactional leadership alone† (p.167). Thite (2000) also found such augmentation as crucial and significant for the success of projects (p.237). One of the major challenges of project management is how to enhance performance through fostering commitment of the work team members to the project’s goals and objectives coupled with enhancing their motivation. Possession of transactional leadership skills helps to resolve these challenges. â€Å"Transactional project leaders motivate followers by engaging in transactional or exchange re lationships in which they exchange rewards for performance† (Mike 2005, p.38). Transactional leaders deploy motivation approaches to increase task accomplishment anticipations by emphasising that specific performance in project tasks allocated to them would lead to the attainment of a specific level of output, which forms the basis of rewards. Transactional project management leaders are smart enough to deploy project leadership behaviours such as management by exemption and/or contingent rewards (Mike 2005, p.38). The contingent rewards encompass the attempts to motivate organisational followers through clear and well-defined tasks, which are then rewarded accordingly upon their successful completion to meet quality standards. This implies that projects’ work team members work hard while paying attention to projects’ quality standards in the quest to gain the monetary rewards. This ensures that projects are completed within the slotted period. Transformational l eadership skills enable project managers to frame various issues associated with project tasks in a manner that stimulates followers in the effort to motivate them. This helps the followers to articulate the work of the project with their personal values. To achieve this goal, project managers exhibit behaviours such as â€Å"idealised influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualised considerations† (Bass et al. 1993, p.39). Idealised influence capacitates project leaders to act as role models for portrayal of capabilities that are exceptional with reference to enhancing convictions of followers to a particular vision together with the behaviours that the project leaders want the followers to portray. Inspiration is essential in enabling followers to develop compelling visions together with helping them to handle the challenges encountered in the work place through the provision of a clear meaning and the desired goals of the specific tasks al located to them. This strategy is critical in enabling work members to identify themselves with their groups’ collective commitments to the achievement of tasks expectations by gaining self-confidence. This move is incredibly important in helping project leaders to stimulate â€Å"followers to be innovative and creative by encouraging them to approach familiar situations in new ways† (Mike 2005, p.39). Such an effort is important in leading a project from the paradigm of building knowledge-based projects. The capacity to foster knowledge sharing is yet another important skill of effective project leaders. Petty groups the leadership skill for top performers leaders in project management into â€Å"strategic awareness, executive presence, leadership maturity, and executive orientation† (2009, p.9). Leadership maturity refers to the understanding of project managers on their roles as leaders coupled with the behaviours that they are supposed to display to influenc e other people performing various tasks constituting the project. Leadership maturity is an essential set of skills possessed by project managers. Project managers need to have the ability to lead by formal directions or authority. They should have the capacity to communicate effectively with various stakeholders to enhance team development (Palmer et al. 2001, p.7). Petty (2009) argues that some organisations fail to educate their project managers to become strategic decision makers (p.11). Within some organisations, projects are internal components. Hence, strategic awareness is an important skill that enables project managers to link the project under their control and monitoring to the general needs of customers. Leadership entails working in a teamwork environment to influence other people in the effort to have things done in the right way. Petty (2009) insists that project managers need to have the â€Å"ability to work outside the project team with broader organisations and functional leaders to get things done† (p.10). This ability defines the skills of execution orientation. As sources of effective knowledge repository, leaders should encourage the sharing of this knowledge between various work groups to ensure coherence of various tasks comprising the entire project once they are finally linked up together. The capacity to lead a project as a knowledge-based temporary organisation has attracted the attention of many scholars in the field of project management. For instance, in the 21st century, which is a century characterised by sophisticated information tools, a major argument is that organisations that would succeed in realising constant productivity are the ones, which have innovative leadership abilities. Consistent with this proposition, Zahidul et al. (2011) argues, â€Å"Sharing of knowledge between employees and departments in the organisation is necessary to transfer individual and group knowledge into organisational knowledge, whic h leads to effective management of knowledge† (p.1900). However, in project-based organisations, a challenge is established in the attempt to manage and integrate individual knowledge facets into one body of knowledge leading to optimal utilisation of the available limited resources to achieve project requirements. In this context, Alekseev (2010) argues, â€Å"the problem, which might be not so important for a singular project becomes a significant issue for organisations that use projects on a regular basis for delivering their strategic objectives† (p.4). This problem is articulated to memory losses in a project. Leading information systems in a project implies that the knowledge developed during the project execution process cease from being relevant in a new project development when the project is completed. Such developments would entail coming up with completely new knowledge bases coupled with methodologies to enhance the success of the project at hand so that i t meets the technological requirements at the particular time of the project implementation. Consequently, the existing information on the experiences of an organisation in implementation of previous projects would appear largely not influential in evaluating the new projects. The main concern here is that individual projects would increase the probability of replication of similar mistakes. Zahidul et al. (2011) support this criticism by further adding, â€Å"When individuals share organisationally relevant experiences and information with one another, it significantly increases the resources of an organisation and decreases the time wasted in trial-and error† (p.1900). Although sharing of knowledge as an essential skill for project managers plays the role of making project implementers competitive and innovative, projects have peculiar challenges, which often create friction to the realisation of the advantages of development of a knowledge base. One of such challenges aris es from the characteristics of a project particularly its trait of being a time-bound endeavour. In any project, various specialists join hands to perform various innovative and complicated tasks within some stipulated amount of time. When they are through with the tasks, disbandment of the work teams takes place. If such a similar project be demanded in the future, chances are that the previous members of work teams would not come together to execute the future project. Even though this may help in limiting the impacts of the previous experiences on influencing or limiting the levels of innovation in the future projects, chances also exist that similar mistakes made in the previous project would be repeated. Additionally, since there is the tendency of creating a likelihood for project teams to be made of different persons every time a need to execute a similar project comes up, â€Å"managing knowledge in the context of project work encounters specific cultural and organising cha llenges such as forming work groups† (Alekseev 2010, p.5). This means that sharing and dissemination of knowledge also becomes challenged. However, the fact that projects exhibit opportunities for different people to interact in the execution of time-bound tasks, opportunities also exist for fostering multiculturalism within an organisation. The capacity to deal with people from different cultures and other diversities is an important skill for project management leaders. Another essential leadership skill for project managers is the call for putting in place leadership styles that focus on the manner in which people can improve their performance in projects. Followers want leaders who can help them grow professionally to become independent actors within an organisation (Atchison, 2003). This move is a major milestone in the adoption of participatory leadership, which is crucial for motivation of employees. In this regard, Pearce and Conger (2003) argue that an effective leade r designs his or her leadership styles around the perspectives of followership theories. He or she needs to discuss with followers about â€Å"the importance of quality work, the need for renewed commitment to high standards, and a reiteration of personal and group accountability† (p.123). In this context, it sounds imperative to infer that followers welcome openness to any new idea that may enhance their performance together with confidence in the manner in which a work group can create positive changes that would benefit them. This aspect is vital in the development of effective leadership skills in project leadership. Using Leadership Skills to deal with Problems in Real Project Management Practices Any project is often constrained by time, resources, and the need to lead processes to meet the desires goals and objectives. Another major challenge in the project execution processes is the challenge of orienting people to the desired outcomes. Projects involve bringing about change. In their natural state, people are normally reluctant to embrace change. Various leadership skills are required to deal with these problems and many others that are encountered in the daily routines of a project manager. To deal with the problems encountered in projects, Petty (2009) emphasises that project managers should utilise their strategic awareness skills. These skills are applied in practice by developing awareness with the project strategic environment. Focusing on strategic awareness to resolve the challenges encountered during project execution process implies that projects are subject to market dynamics. Such dynamics include time compressions, complexities in project execution strategies, and the rising need for employing people having high knowledge levels to help in meeting the increasing calls for projects to deliver high quality outcomes. This means that successful project managers are those who execute their roles through strategic priorities. People exec ute tasks that form a project when clarity is provided on the mission and objective of the tasks allocated to them in the context of the realisation of the objectives of the entire project. Strategic awareness offers a complete tool kit that may lack in a project (Petty 2009, p.14). For instance, a project manager may recognise poor motivation as the main contributor to the failure of the work group members to meet deadlines for completion of their work. Through strategic awareness skills, the project managers or the leader would focus on the strategy of seeking ways of enhancing motivation through the deployment of other skills such as transactional and transformational leadership skills (Mike 2005). Resolving a problem that may derail the capacity to complete a project within the required times lines requires a project leader to deploy skills that aid in the creation of high performance work teams. This calls for the evaluation of situations in the project to determine the requisi te leadership skills to recall from the set of leadership skills possessed by a project manager. Hence, situational and contingency leadership skills are crucial in resolution of the problems experienced in projects. Evidence on the applicability of situational leadership skills in the resolution of the problems encountered in projects rests on the platforms of the changing leadership styles to suit the changing projects’ needs. Addressing the issue of situational dynamics, Pearce and Conger argue that there exists no single style of leadership, which would fit all situations since leadership is essentially grounded on the relevance of tasks requiring leadership (2003, p.105). Hence, successful project leaders are those who adapt their leadership styles and grow them to maturity depending on the situation under which they execute their project management functions. Apart from the consideration of the tasks in the formulation of the necessary leadership style, situational lead ership skills help project managers to consider the characteristics of people being led in the determination of an appropriate leadership style in an attempt to build high performance work teams. Leadership skills can help project manager to handle the challenge of creating high performance work teams in various ways. For instance, emotional intelligence skills enable them to create contexts that are fertile for the development of the work group members. In support of this assertion, Petty (2009) maintains, â€Å"high performance project managers work to ensure that their team members can connect the project and their contributions and organisational goals† (p.30). Success of such an effort requires the deployment of motivational leadership skills. Projects’ stakeholders work homogenously when they have a collective understanding of the relevance of the project. The applicability of leadership skills in helping to resolve the challenges encountered in projects akin to motivational problems are endorsed by the theories of workforce motivation, which maintain that people are productive in an organisation when they consider themselves useful, meaningful, and important to an organisation. Suggestions on how to gain Leadership Skills Upon consideration of the leadership needs that are critical in fostering successful completion of projects within the usual constraints of time and financial resource challenges, the traits leadership theory’s claims that leaders are not created, but are born. In fact, scholarly studies in leadership studies contend that certain skills, which make project managers successful in their work, can be learned. For instance, according to Pinto and Trailer (2005), winning the confidence of the people implementing a project can be achieved by an effort to cultivate credibility (p.23). Petty (2009) stated that project managers with exemplary leadership skills recognise that people follow directions if such directions emana te from the people they perceive to be credible and reliable. This means that leadership skills can be developed if project managers have the zeal and internal drive to develop leadership credibility through strategies such as treating people with optimal fairness, ensuring that they communicate openly, and focusing on resolving problems affecting people. Developing the skills of emotional intelligence requires leaders to curtail from engaging in any situations, which may truncate into questioning the integrity and the motivations of a given leader by followers. Interpersonal and intrapersonal communication skills are key success skills for project managers. After identification of various situations, which may impair the capacity of the work members to toil effectively, communication of the mechanisms of countering such situations is vital. Upon identification of requisite motivational strategies, communication is also important in aligning employees to the strategies. This claim s uggests that communication is an important skill that binds various leadership skills that enhance performance of employees in projects. The leadership skills of effective communication may be developed in a myriad of ways. Petty (2009) argues that communication skills can be developed by allowing people to know and understand that the project managers’ role is to enable them succeed (p.23). He further considers this role best realised when communication is done through actions and in words. In search of directions to meet the goals of the project, people would resort to meeting the leader for clarifications, guidance, and help. In this process, it becomes possible to articulate various issues that project managers consider necessary for alteration to facilitate the achievement of project’s goals and objectives. Application of different leadership skills, which suit different situations, requires leaders to analyse situations to determine when to communicate with asser tiveness and/or when to avoid over communication. When rapid changes are required in the project execution process, over communication is dangerous (Mike 2005, p.21). This means that determination of the appropriate leadership skills to apply in a given situation is determined by the projects’ strategy. Expertise is developed through learning and practice to gain experience. To gain leadership skills, coaching is necessary. Consequently, it is important for project managers seeking to gain leadership skills that are effective in project management to get aid and mentorship from persons having the skills that one wants to develop. The decision on the requisite skills to develop has to be based on the observation and analysis of the project environment needs such as the problems that derail the project from accomplishing its objectives. For instance, project tasks may be falling out of time due to lack of commitment of people in charge of implementing them. Consequently, the pr oject manager needs to develop leadership skills for workforce motivation. Such skills can be developed through the study of the existing benchmarks. Conclusion Projects are executed with the help of people who are mandated to carry out various tasks that constitute a project. While management skills are required by the project managers to ensure compliance with the set project execution procedures within fixed timelines and under limited resources, the involvement of people in the implementation of projects requires project managers to have good leadership skills. The evaluation of the necessary leadership skills in project management was considered in the paper from the theoretical paradigms of the trait leadership theories, contingency, situational, competency, and emotional intelligence theories. Each of these theories has its contribution in the generation of effective leadership skills for successful execution of projects. Thus, an integrated approach to the study of leadershi p skills that are necessary for development by project managers is important. Project managers need to be influencers, transformational, and transactional leaders who possess a high degree of emotional intelligence to aid them in determining various situations that require different leadership skills. References Alekseev, A 2010, Knowledge Management In Project-Based Organisations: The Success Criteria And Best Practice, Master Thesis, Chalmers University Of Technology, Northumbria. 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Turner, J Mà ¼ller, R 2006, Choosing Appropriate Project Managers: Matching Their Leadership Style to the Type of Project, Project Management Institute Inc., New York, NY. Zahidul, I, Sylvana, M, Hassan, A Sarwar, U 2011, ‘Organisational culture and knowledge sharing: Empirical evidence from service organisations’, African Journal of Business Management, vol. 5 no.14, pp. 5900-5909. This dissertation on The Effect of Leadership in Project Management was written and submitted by user Braden Olsen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.