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Frailty A Condition of the Elderly - 1460 Words

Frailty Introduction ‘Frailty thy name is woman emotionally refers to his mother Hamlet (Act 1, Scene 2). While the term â€Å"frailty† has been around for a while, the use of it in a medical literature has only been evolving in the past 30 years. However, condition with similar meaning, was described back in 1914 in a publication â€Å"The Diseases of Old Age and their Treatment† (Nascher, 1914). In this publication Nascher describes a condition of his elderly patients as â€Å"senile disability† or â€Å"senile cachexia† manifesting in general physical weakness and mental impairments as a result of the aging process. Later, several authors use term â€Å"Failure to Thrive† while describing a multifactorial state of decline in elderly (Kimball et al., 1995; Robertson et al., 2004; Sarkisian et al., 1996). The search term â€Å"frail elderly† in PubMed.gov generated 8384 results indicating great interest by clinicians and researchers in this topic. However , despite the interest there is considerable uncertainty regarding the concept and definition of frailty (Bergman et al., 2007). Frailty is â€Å"one of those complex terms – like independence, life satisfaction, and continuity – that trouble gerontologists with multiple and slippery meanings† (Kaufman, 1994). Since there is no one accepted operational definition of frailty, it is impossible to enumerate frail persons in the population. Therefore, prevalence of frailty varies widely depending on its definitions and patient selection. One EuropeanShow MoreRelatedEssay On Msk790 Words   |  4 Pagesosteoporosis, and musculoskeletal pain as neck pain or low back pain–have significantly affected both on aging’s health and individual’s cost of care9,10,75. Additionally, MSK is the pivotal key of increasing yearly living disability (YLDs) in the elderly population9,75. The existing evidence discovered that MSK generates disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which it has accumulated increasing globally approximately 19.9 percent change, number of DALYs during 2005-201576. In developing country,Read MoreThe Treatment Of Muscle Mass Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesSarcopenia is considered one of the geriatric syndromes because its prevalence in older populations (Chien, et al 2008). Sarcopenia leads to functional disabilities, decrease mobility, falls, and fractures, which lead to the loss of independence, frailty, and also increased risk of mortality (Freiberger et al., 2011). There are no effective treatments for sarcopenia yet. 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Quality of life Background Increasing age and related comorbidities have resulted in excessive use of drugs causing increased incidence of adverse effects, inappropriate medication use and increased health care costs1Read MoreGERIATRIC ASSESSMENT: MALNUTRITION989 Words   |  4 Pagesproblems, but can also be a cause of physiological and psychological dysfunctions. Proper nursing assessment in the elderly should be applied in order to identify and address this problem. In this paper I would like to focus on two main points of geriatric assessment – physiologic and psychosocial. There are two categories of factors that can contribute to malnutrition in the elderly population. Physiological factors include chewing or swallowing disorders, cardiac insufficiency, respiratory problemsRead MoreLate Adulthood : The Stage Of The Human Life Cycle After The Age Of 65 Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pagesfeel the effects of various chronic conditions or disease. This process is known as senescence, the decline in body functioning associated with aging (Papalia, Feldman, Martorell, 2012, p. 501). Senescence then brings the idea of what is like to be old. Body systems start to decline in functioning ability under levels of stress, for with age... many older people cannot respond to extra physical demands (Papalia, Feldman, Martorell, 2012, p. 506). Frailty and weakness in the bones and musclesRead MoreWhat Is The Model Of A Log-Logistic Model1515 Words   |  7 Pagesselection criteria. \item Variables with very large negative numbers, such as Primary reason for assessment\footnote{Variable is coded iA8.} result in very low odds of survival. \item Consequently, there were 25 variables selected for construction of frailty index in this group. \item The variable End-Stage disease in patients who completed a home care assessment seems to partition the group into several different subgroups. Notable interactions take place between this variable and ADL self performance-Read MoreIncreasing Population Of Older People Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pagesfunctional ability (Gopinath B, Russell J, Flood VM, Burlutsky G, Mitchell P, 2014). Elderly with poor overall diet quality are likely to have suboptimal levels of nutrition biomarkers; this could negatively affect quality of life and functional independence (Gopinath B, Russell J, Flood VM, Burlutsky G, Mitchell P, 2014). Epidemiologic studies commonly have demonstrated nutritional deficits in 10-20 % of elderly people living at home and up to 60% in persons living in institutions in parallel withRead MoreThe Treatment Of Muscle Mass Essay1935 Words   |  8 PagesSarcopenia is considered one of the geriatric syndromes because its prevalence in older populations (Chien, et al 2008). Sarcopenia leads to functional disabilities, decrease mobility, falls, and fractures, which lead to the loss of independence, frailty, and also increased risk of mortality (Freiberger et al., 2011). There are no effective treatments for sarcopenia yet. Pharmacological trials are not effective, these include hormonal as growth hormones, testosterones, estrogens, and tibolone (Sanchis-Gomar

A report on cultural audit of Mott Macdonald Group Limited Free Essays

string(45) " both the employees and MottMacdonald group\." A study on cultural audit of img alt="D:FINCAOther data and formatsPersonalAssignmrntsMottMac.jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.div class="phdessay__article-cta" We will write a custom essay sample on A report on cultural audit of Mott Macdonald Group Limited or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/aaimagestore/essays/1762371.001.jpg"/ Presented by: Presented to: Date: Contentss 1.Organizational civilization defined 1.1.Cultural Audit and its importance 2.Methodology for cultural Audit 3.Findings 3.1.Weak apprehension of organisational strategic aims 3.2.Evaluations non used at policy doing degree 4.Conclusion 5.Recommendation 6.Appendices 6.1.Vision A ; Mission 6.2.Strategic planning A ; rating 6.3.Community engagement 6.4.Marketing 6.5.Financial planning, Monitoring A ; coverage 6.6.Governance 6.7.Management 6.8.Human resources 1. Organizational civilization defined Organizational civilization plays a critical function in determining behaviour in organisations, there is little agreement on what organisational civilization really is, ne’er mind how it affects behavior and whether it is something leaders can alter. Without recognizing a proper definition for organisational civilization, links to other elements of concern with organisational civilization can non be understood. There is no unambiguous compact on the definition of organisational civilization but it is normally interpreted as â€Å"the manner we do things around here† ( Lilley, 2014 ) . Professor Gerry Johnson, writer of the cultural web, refers to organisational civilization as â€Å"the taken for-granted premises and behaviours that make sense of people’s organisational context and hence contributes to how groups of people respond and act in relation to issues they face† . He goes on to state that, as a consequence, civilization has of import influences on the development and alteration of organisational scheme. In other words, civilization binds scheme to outcomes British anthropologist Edward Tyler ( Tharp, 2012 ) is widely credited with the first ( 1871 ) â€Å"modern† definition of civilization: â€Å"that complex whole which includes cognition, belief, humanistic disciplines, ethical motives, jurisprudence, usage, and any other capablenesss and wonts acquired by adult male as a member of society. Similarly, in May 1, 2013, Michael Watkins ( Watkins, 2013 ) , Co-founder of Genesis advisors, started a treatment on LinkedIn raising a inquiry to specify organisational civilization. More than 300 responses were received including varied position and sentiments on organisational civilization. After reexamining the responses, Watkins concluded that organisational civilizations are dynamic. They shift, incrementally and invariably, in response to external and internal alterations. So, seeking to measure organisational civilization is complicated by the world that you are seeking to hit a traveling mark. But it besides opens the possibility that civilization alteration can be managed as a uninterrupted procedure instead than through large displacements ( frequently in response to crises ) . Finally, a definition by Edgar Schein ( Tharp, 2013 ) of MIT’s Sloan School of Management though general but seems appropriate that organisational civilization is â€Å"a form of shared basic premises that the group learned as it solved its jobs of external version and internal integrating, that has worked good plenty to be considered valid and, hence, to be taught to new members as the right manner to comprehend, believe, and experience in relation to those jobs† 1.1. Cultural Audit and its importance Cultural audit can be explained as independent scrutiny of overall values and beliefs on which an organisation is runing. A civilization audit helps find the civilization that presently exists within a company. An effectual workplace civilization audit determines the overall working environment, identifies the unwritten norms and regulations regulating employee interactions and workplace patterns, high spots possible barriers to effectual work patterns and communicating and makes recommendations for turn toing jobs identified. Not merely willit aid retain top performing artists, it provides a design of what attributes to look for in appliers. Culture Audit has become of import after recent dirts in different corporate sector companies. On June 2014, Chartered institute of internal hearers published a study â€Å"Culture and function of internal audit† , in the executive sum-up of the study, Roy Lilley, wellness author and observer mentioned the organisational civilization as affair of public concern. He mentioned the hapless organisational civilization as the root cause of dirts in wellness, fiscal and nutrient sectors among others which have been at a great cost to persons, organisations and states every bit good. He stressed that Board and internal audit would necessitate to concentrate on the hazards that civilization nowadayss. 2. Methodology for cultural Audit The supreme method for carry oning a civilization audit is the desquamation of an executive squad and organisational development research worker. This theoretical account was presented by Mark R. Testa and Lori J. Sipe from San Diego State University, San Diego, USA in their article published in unfastened diary of leading ( Testa, 2013 ) . The singularity of the proposed theoretical account is the ability to associate theory and pattern in a really experiential manner. While the executive squad can prosecute in much of the informations aggregation, the research worker can steer their attempts, minimise prejudice and guarantee the generated consequences are valid. A five-step theoretical account was developed for execution of the civilization audit with this executive team-researcher tandem in head. These stairss include: Designation of the organization’s vision, mission, values, and strategic ends ; A brief narrative on the coveted civilization ; Choice of the audit squad ; Data aggregation ; Interpretation and coverage Questionnaire was used for understanding the civilization of MottMacdonald group. Questions were prepared as per the guidelines provided by the Mass cultural council ( Council, 2012 ) for appraisal of organisational civilization. Following major cultural countries of MottMacdonald were identified and reviewed as portion of cultural audit. Mission and vision Strategic planning A ; rating Community engagement Public dealingss Selling Fiscal planning, monitoring and coverage Administration Management Human Resources 3. Findingss Based on the consequences of study, few deficits were observed in organisational civilization of MottMacdonald Group Limited. However, these observations are non of the serious nature which can adversely impact the image and good will of the group but these demands to be considered carefully by the direction of MottMacdonald group. Detailed study questionnaire along with aggregative responses have been given in appendices 6.1 to 6.8 below. The observations which need direction attending are as below ; 3.1. Weak apprehension of organisational strategic aims Although, the staff at higher degree places was good cognizant of the organisational aims and ends, but our study revealed that these ends and aims were non clearly communicated to staff at lower degree, resultantly, input taken by these staff in puting strategic aim would non be much beneficial for both the employees and MottMacdonald group. You read "A report on cultural audit of Mott Macdonald Group Limited" in category "Essay examples" 3.2. Evaluations non used at policy doing degree It was observed that ratings for effectual planning have been conducted by the MottMacdonald group but these were non used when doing policies. A reappraisal of few policies of the group and consequences of the study conducted by the cultural audit squad revealed the fact that rating consequences were non used in policy and scheme devising. 4. Decision Based on the consequences of study and reappraisal of policies and fiscal statements of MottMacdonald group limited, the overall organisational civilization of the group is rated asâ€Å"GOOD with Risk degree at LOW† However, the direction needs to clearly reexamine the consequences of the study conducted by cultural audit squad in order to input the responses of employees to be used for scheme devising and planning intents. 5. Recommendation Cultural audit squad urge the direction to reexamine the preparation policies and a clear system of communicating should be introduced in such a manner that employees at lowest degree should understand the aim and ends of the group. Employees at each degree of hierarchy are of import for the organisation and they are the primary trade name embassador of the group hence, they must clearly be known the ends and aims of the group. 6. Appendixs 6.1. Vision A ; Mission Question Strongly hold Agree Disagree Strongly differ Mission statement is clear, concise and best shows the ground for being of MottMacdonald v Vision statement is so persuasive that it clearly depicts the dreams of MottMacdonald yet to be accomplished v A proper system is in topographic point to track achievements with regard to mission and vision v All the staff including top direction are really clear about mission and vision of MottMacdonald v Directors and Board members are good able to show mission and vision of the group v 6.2. Strategic planning A ; rating Question Strongly hold Agree Disagree Strongly differ A chiseled strategic program tied to mission and vision is in topographic point v A formal strategic program is being prepared after regular intervals affecting both board and staff v A formal system of reappraisal is in topographic point for strategic program is in topographic point to get by the changing fortunes v Strategic ends and aims are set in a manner that they are accomplishable and mensurable with clip frames v A SWOT analysis is being on a regular basis conducted to see the bing place of MottMacdonald v It is ensured that short term operational programs are linked with strategic program and aims and MottMacdonald v Strategic ends and aims are understood throughout the organisation. v A system of regular rating is in topographic point for every operation and plan v Evaluations are being used in every phase and type of planning v A system dwelling of appropriate quantitative and qualitative informations aggregation techniques like observation, interviews, written studies, focal point group etc. , is in topographic point to mensurate impact of plans v 6.3. Community engagement Question Strongly hold Agree Disagree Strongly differ MottMacdonalds clearly understands the impact of different stakeholders’ perceptual experiences and experiences along with any barriers they encounter and this is used for planning intents v Schemes are in topographic point to actuate current participants’ to increase the degree of engagement and chances are provided to take more involved function in the MottMacdonald v Motivating schemes and programs exists to pull farther people to take part in scheme devising v Schemes are made to make perspective audience including multi-cultural audiences, immature blood and seniors v Potential and prospective mark audience have been identifies maintaining in position the current resources and other restrictions v Resources have been prioritized based on demands and diverseness of audience v It is clear and understood committedness to include all degree of audience in the community v MottMacdonald is holding a scheme to organize partnership at all degrees to increase engagement in its plans v Surveies, focal point groups and interviews and other rating tools are being used to acquire input from mark community v A program is in topographic point to get by with all the barriers including cultural, economic, chance and tome restraints and to take the barriers for mark audiences v Changing demographics and concentrate demands of audiences are being considered on a regular basis and scheme shapers are good informed about the changing demands v 6.4. Selling Question Strongly hold Agree Disagree Strongly differ A well drafted and written one-year selling program is in topographic point which has been made in audience with other sections v A database has been maintained to track ex-clients, prospective clients and forms of client purchasing v Actual gross revenues are being monitored and compared with the selling events and tendencies v Database of mailing and contact list is updated on a regular basis v MottMacdonald is good cognizant of its current strategic place in the market and place and tendencies of full market v Selling stuffs are good drafted, good designed and aim oriented to specific mark audience v Selling stuffs are produced for specific audience maintaining in position their cultural norms v Web site and electronic mailing lists are efficaciously used as selling tools v A suited sum has been budgeted for selling v Marketing section is good staffed and appropriate mix of qualified and experient staff is in posted in it v Marketing staff is motivated and a clear coordination and good working relationships exist within them v Short and long term income ends are being set and monitored on a regular basis and progress towards accomplishment is being measured continuously v Specific demands of mark audiences are being targeted to acquire lucifer of demands with the services v 6.5. Financial planning, Monitoring A ; coverage Question Strongly hold Agree Disagree Strongly differ Appropriate accounting policies as per the by and large accepted accounting rules are being used while describing v Fiscal statements including Statement of fiscal place and income statement are on a regular basis prepared v Annual operating budget is prepared including all expected grosss and expected disbursals aligned with the schemes v Appropriate accounting package is used for clerking and fiscal coverage v Periodic reappraisal of income and disbursals is being conducted in the signifier of monthly or quarterly fiscal statements and mid-course accommodations v Cash flows place is being monitored and maintained aligned with the projection of hard currency v All hard currency histories are reconciled monthly. v Histories receivable are being monitored and a system of effectual and timely recovery is in topographic point v Authority wise fiscal bounds have been assigned at each and every degree and signers are clear about their bounds v Internal controls and conformity policies are good drafted and documented and communicated at each and every degree v Inventory direction system is good equipped to get by with the menace of larceny and abuse of stock list v Applicable Torahs and ordinances are being adhered when fixing paysheet of employees v Employees are employed maintaining in position all the relevant Torahs and regulating rules and record maintaining is maintained as per the local and international record maintaining guidelines v All the statutory demands of filing of statutory returns, tax write-off from rewards and all applicable revenue enhancements are being adhered as per the applicable jurisprudence v Fiscal statements are being prepared by certified and qualified professional comptrollers and are being reviewed by an independent hearer topic to the demands of local jurisprudence v Org. reviews capital demands and establishes capital precedences yearly at least v Appropriate insurance coverage is available for all the possible hazards and other controls are available for extenuation of those hazards v 6.6. Administration Question Strongly hold Agree Disagree Strongly differ Functions of board and executive managers are clearly defined and executive managers are being delegated the overall direction and supervising of the company v Local applicable Torahs and rules are being adhered in carry oning board and stockholders run intoing along with continuance of director’s offices and elections, re-election, expiration and surrender v Board has formed commissions and sub-committees with clearly defined duties and governments v Newly fall ining board member are given a thorough orientation sing operations, organisation and duties of the managers v Attendance regulations for board meeting every bit adheres as per the applicable ordinances v Appropriate accomplishments and making exists within the Board v Nominations in the board should guarantee appropriate mix and diverseness in signifier of civilization, gender, making and ethnicity v Board is good cognizant of community and altering demands of the targeted community. v Board members attend organization’s plans and events v Board members use their other professional links to drive concern towards MottMacdonald v Board have appropriate cognition of industry in which MottMacdonald operates v Board sets the marks and ends for executive managers and direction squad and help them to accomplish that ends v All board members give a meaningful fiscal part to the organisation yearly v 6.7. Management Question Strongly hold Agree Disagree Strongly differ Attainable and accomplishable competitory ends are being set for the directors v Staff is being provided with uninterrupted support and preparation by the directors v Appropriate degree of managerial accomplishments exist for the directors and preparations are imparted to them as portion of occupation v Business is conducted by the directors in clear and concise affair v Directors work good as a squad v High degree direction works in such a manner that they have become a function theoretical account for their subsidiaries v High winner staff is being awarded by the direction and hapless public presentation are good addressed by the directors v A proper communicating and effectual coordination exists between the staff v 6.8. Human resources Question Strongly hold Agree Disagree Strongly differ Polices have been formulated for enlisting of employees and all procedures are good defined for the enlisting of best endowment v Hiring procedure is designed in such a manner that it attracts the major parts of the community v Human resources are managed by the well qualified persons who are clear about their duties v Human resources policy is in topographic point which covers all the facets of human resources in best suited mode v Best suited preparation program is in topographic point for staff and voluntaries every bit good v Staff is clearly cognizant of what benefits and allowances are available to them v Clear occupation descriptions of every staff member is available, updated and communicated to relevant staff and voluntary v Reporting lines are clear and defined and each employee is good cognizant of his coverage senior v Employee public presentations are being reviewed and documented after periodic intervals and at least yearly v Compensation to employees are being paid in conformity with the applicable ordinances and benefits are paid as per the jurisprudence v Local Torahs about minimal compensation are being adhered in the payments of all staff v Volunteers are being extremely appreciated and be appreciated in a respectful mode for their committednesss v Employees are being extremely appreciated and considered in sequence planning for higher degree places v How to cite A report on cultural audit of Mott Macdonald Group Limited, Essay examples

Supply Chain Management Changing Dynamics

Question: Define the Supply Chain Management for Changing Dynamics. Answer: 2: The changing dynamics which are related to the fashion industry have been able to force the retailers for the lower costs and the flexibility in the quality and the designs with the marketing speed and the key strategies. They need to work on the maintenance of the positions which are profitable for the increase in the demands of the consumer. The focus has been on the facing of the mass production with the increase in the number of the fashion seasons and the other modified structural characteristics in the supply chain which desire for a lower cost and the flexibility in the design, quality, demand, delivery and the marketing speed. (Bruce et al., 2004). The focus has been also on the marketing and the capital investment strategy which are identified through the driving competitiveness in the fashion apparel industry. The sense and the response are mainly the key strategy to handle the profitable position with the increasingly dynamic positions with the demanding market. The define d characteristics are based on the responsiveness with the greater flexibility and the maintenance of the close relationship in between the supplier and the buyer. Considering the use of the forecasting consumer demand and the other fashion trends, there is a need to work on competing in the market with the assurance that will lead to provide the development along with the fashion shows with the runways. The retailers need to be credited with the adoption policy of the quick and better fashion in the unplanned process in order to reduce the time gap in the designing and the consumption process. Considering the changing structure, there is a need to shape the industry using the Porter Five Forces which are: The competitive rivalry which is for examining the intense competition with the number of the existing competitors. The competition is high and needs to focus on the products and the services. At the time, when the rivalry competition has been higher, then the advertisement and the price wars are easily ensued. (Lee, 2002). The bargaining power of the suppliers where the force is about the power of how much the business supplier has and the way to control the price rise. There is a need for the switching of the cost firms in the industry with the supply purchase costs. The bargaining powers of the customers which have the power to handle the pricing and the quality. The threat of the new entrants with the absolute advantage of cost, input access, economic scale and the other recognised brands. The threat of the substitute products and the services are mainly to determine the ability for the lowering of the costs and working on the immediate and the long term inclination to change. (Maloni et al., 2006). 3: In the short life cycle, there have been spotting trends which quickly translate into the products in the time which is possible for the shortest period. The set structure has been pre-requisite for the success. The companies have been slower to the market which suffers in the ways where there has been a miss in the sales opportunities that does not repeat. The supplier needs to work on the products which is arriving in the marketing place with the demands starting to fall or lead to the markets of markdowns. The figure illustrates about the double jeopardy where the confrontation is based on handling the slow market system. The manufacturing is based on the flexibility and the batch size reduction which helps the organisation to work on reduction in the time-to-market. (Lummus et al., 1999). The usage of the automation process like the computer aided design and the computer aided manufacturing has set to the revolutionary process with the ability to make the changes in the product w ith the progress in the season or the life cycle. The markets of the fashion industry have been fuelled by the change where the trends are seen to be short lives and the consumers have the choice to keep with the demands of the consumer. The inexpensive price which adds to the social network have the power to dictate on the market structure. (Wathne et al., 2004). The business needs to work on the different fashion shifts with the trending look to focus on the shift of the attention from the time to market to the time to the consumer. The focus has been on the designing, production and holding the consumer closets. There have been growing interests in the design with the implementation of the agile supply chain strategies. The ideas of the agility are set to focus on responsiveness with the conventional supply chain. This has a longer leading time with the forecast driven necessity. There have been shortage of the supply chain management and need to look for the demand driven needs and requirements. The focus has been on holding the applications which are inventory based. The fashion markets are seen to be volatile and difficult for the production where the specific patterns are market sensitivity with the close connections to the end-user trends and the virtual shared information for the supply chain partners. (Lee et al., 1997). The network based patterns focus on gaining the strengths of the specialist players with the process aligned to the higher degree of process interconnectivity. With the increase in the supply chain management the power has been shifted and to focus on the suppliers, m anufacturer to the brand owners and the retailers. The focus has been where the consumers realised about the price drop or waited for the time which has less ordering. 4: With the change customer preferences in the apparel industry, there is a need to focus on the purchase and the needs or the wants of the people. This can be viewed as holding the management of the trade-offs in between the variety benefits and the inventory with the other costs which has been changing from the increase in variety. The change in the category of the apparel has been set by the attributes like the colour, style or the size where there is a detailed modelling for investigating the effects on the performance of the supply chain. The system dynamics with the simulation will help in addressing the long term and the dynamic management issues. (Lummus et al., 2001). The change in the variety of the products completely affect the departments with the increase in the varied style, size and the packaging functions. (Gereffi, 1999). The increasing variety has been set on the logistics operations and the costs which has a net impact on the supply chain performance and the developm ent. The major focus has been on handling the performance with the effect of the product variety when the leading time is ignored completely. The analysis is based on the recognition of the leading time variety trade-off with the demonstration to handle the leading company offers. (Lee et al., 1997). Considering the trade-offs in the regard of the sourcing countries and the quality, there have been set patterns which include that the companies need to focus on the supply chain management with the increased globalised competition. The risk management has been important as it allows for the balancing of the trade-offs and the sourcing with the lower cost countries. The renewed focus has been on handling the profit of the size sigma to control the quality with the balancing of the costs and the other productivity metrics. The suppliers need to work on the environmental factors and other regulatory compliance for the operational metrics. (Christopher et al., 2004). The structure has been set to manage the supply network with the quality and reliability and sustainability to revaluate the supply network strategy in order to reflect on the cost of the business. The main characteristics of the model include the employed raw materials with the manufacturing that has been done through the periodic review policy. The mark-on for the products is selected in the way which depends the final pricing in the retailer level. (Metters, 1997). There have been fashionable markets which include the short life cycles, high volatility, and lower predictability with the higher impulse purchasing. Reference Bruce, M., Daly, L., Towers, N. (2004). Lean or agile: a solution for supply chain management in the textiles and clothing industry?.International journal of operations production management,24(2), 151-170. Lee, H. L. (2002). Aligning supply chain strategies with product uncertainties.California management review,44(3), 105-119. Maloni, M. J., Brown, M. E. (2006). Corporate social responsibility in the supply chain: an application in the food industry.Journal of business ethics,68(1), 35-52. Wathne, K. H., Heide, J. B. (2004). Relationship governance in a supply chain network.Journal of marketing,68(1), 73-89. Lummus, R. R., Vokurka, R. J. (1999). Defining supply chain management: a historical perspective and practical guidelines.Industrial Management Data Systems,99(1), 11-17. Lee, H. L., Padmanabhan, V., Whang, S. (1997). Information distortion in a supply chain: The bullwhip effect.Management science,43(4), 546-558. Lummus, R. R., Krumwiede, D. W., Vokurka, R. J. (2001). The relationship of logistics to supply chain management: developing a common industry definition.Industrial Management Data Systems,101(8), 426-432. Christopher, M., Lee, H. (2004). Mitigating supply chain risk through improved confidence.International journal of physical distribution logistics management,34(5), 388-396. Gereffi, G. (1999). International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain.Journal of international economics,48(1), 37-70. Metters, R. (1997). Quantifying the bullwhip effect in supply chains.Journal of operations management,15(2), 89-100. Lee, H. L., Padmanabhan, V., Whang, S. (1997). Information distortion in a supply chain: The bullwhip effect.Management science,43(4), 546-558.